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roduction continues indefinitely. This oil rate at which sand production becomes uncontrollable, is called the critical sand-free oil rate.
A popular model for explaining such field observations is the sand arch model (Hall and Harrisberger 1970). It is substantiated also by laboratory experiments: that indicate that stable sand arches are created around the perforations in poorly cemented sandstones at oil rates below a critical value (Bratli and Risnes 1981). Up to the critical rate, a sequence of increasing flow rates causes the formation of stable arches of increasing size, each arch corresponding to a particular flow rate. After the critical oil rate is reached, a stable arch can no longer be sustained and sand production becomes uncontrollable. To stop sand production, then, oil production must be reduced significantly below the critical value to allow arches to reform, after which the oil rate can be increased again to a value somewhat below the critical rate. The model appears to match observed field performance of sand production, such as the tests reported by Risnes et al. (1982).
The arch model is valid for poorly consolidated sands. Different models are used to explain sand production in consolidated sandstones. Here, flow erosion is the destructive force, creating cavities in the rock that periodically collapse and create free sand production. Several causes increase the tendency of sand production. The most important are
1. decline of reservoir pressure which increases the overburden that must be supported
by the sand grains, thereby weakening the cementation of the grains
2. increasing water production that dissolves and destroys the intergranular cementing
material. (Also decreases the capillary forces that tend to retain sand particles together)
3. formation damage that increases the pressure gradient near the wellbore, and thus
increases the destabilizing stress on sand grains
In most cases the field operator first becomes aware of sand problems during the initial troduction continues indefinitely. This oil rate at which sand production becomes uncontrollable forex trading, is called the critical sand-free oil rate.
A popular model for explaining such field observations is the sand arch model (Hall and Harrisberger 1970). It is substantiated also by laboratory experiments: that indicate that stable sand arches are created around the perforations in poorly cemented sandstones at oil rates below a critical value (Bratli and Risnes 1981). Up to the critical rate forex trading, a sequence of increasing flow rates causes the formation of stable arches of increasing size forex trading, each arch corresponding to a particular flow rate. After the critical oil rate is reached forex trading, a stable arch can no longer be sustained and sand production becomes uncontrollable. To stop sand production forex trading, then forex trading, oil production must be reduced significantly below the critical value to allow arches to reform forex trading, after which the oil rate can be increased again to a value somewhat below the critical rate. The model appears to match observed field performance of sand production forex trading, such as the tests reported by Risnes et al. (1982).
The arch model is valid for poorly consolidated sands. Different models are used to explain sand production in consolidated sandstones. Here forex trading, flow erosion is the destructive force forex trading, creating cavities in the rock that periodically collapse and create free sand production. Several causes increase the tendency of sand production. The most important are
1. decline of reservoir pressure which increases the overburden that must be supported
by the sand grains forex trading, thereby weakening the cementation of the grains
2. increasing water production that dissolves and destroys the intergranular cementing
material. (Also decreases the capillary forces that tend to retain sand particles together)
3. formation damage that increases the pressure gradient near the wellbore forex trading, and thus
increases the destabilizing stress on sand grains
In most cases the field operator first becomes aware of sand problems during the initial troduction continues indefinitely. This oil rate at which sand production becomes uncontrollable, is called the critical sand-free oil rate.
A popular model for explaining such field observations is the sand arch model (Hall and Harrisberger 1970). It is substantiated also by laboratory experiments: that indicate that stable sand arches are created around the perforations in poorly cemented sandstones at oil rates below a critical value (Bratli and Risnes 1981). Up to the critical rate, a sequence of increasing flow rates causes the formation of stable arches of increasing size, each arch corresponding to a particular flow rate. After the critical oil rate is reached, a stable arch can no longer be sustained and sand production becomes uncontrollable. To stop sand production, then, oil production must be reduced significantly below the critical value to allow arches to reform, after which the oil rate can be increased again to a value somewhat below the critical rate. The model appears to match observed field performance of sand production, such as the tests reported by Risnes et al. (1982).
The arch model is valid for poorly consolidated sands. Different models are used to explain sand production in consolidated sandstones. Here, flow erosion is the destructive force, creating cavities in the rock that periodically collapse and create free sand production. Several causes increase the tendency of sand production. The most important are
1. decline of reservoir pressure which increases the overburden that must be supported
by the sand grains, thereby weakening the cementation of the grains
2. increasing water production that dissolves and destroys the intergranular cementing
material. (Also decreases the capillary forces that tend to retain sand particles together)
3. formation damage that increases the pressure gradient near the wellbore, and thus
increases the destabilizing stress on sand grains
In most cases the field operator first becomes aware of sand problems during the initial troduction continues indefinitely. This oil rate at which sand production becomes uncontrollable forex trading, is called the critical sand-free oil rate.
A popular model for explaining such field observations is the sand arch model (Hall and Harrisberger 1970). It is substantiated also by laboratory experiments: that indicate that stable sand arches are created around the perforations in poorly cemented sandstones at oil rates below a critical value (Bratli and Risnes 1981). Up to the critical rate forex trading, a sequence of increasing flow rates causes the formation of stable arches of increasing size forex trading, each arch corresponding to a particular flow rate. After the critical oil rate is reached forex trading, a stable arch can no longer be sustained and sand production becomes uncontrollable. To stop sand production forex trading, then forex trading, oil production must be reduced significantly below the critical value to allow arches to reform forex trading, after which the oil rate can be increased again to a value somewhat below the critical rate. The model appears to match observed field performance of sand production forex trading, such as the tests reported by Risnes et al. (1982).
The arch model is valid for poorly consolidated sands. Different models are used to explain sand production in consolidated sandstones. Here forex trading, flow erosion is the destructive force forex trading, creating cavities in the rock that periodically collapse and create free sand production. Several causes increase the tendency of sand production. The most important are
1. decline of reservoir pressure which increases the overburden that must be supported
by the sand grains forex trading, thereby weakening the cementation of the grains
2. increasing water production that dissolves and destroys the intergranular cementing
material. (Also decreases the capillary forces that tend to retain sand particles together)
3. formation damage that increases the pressure gradient near the wellbore forex trading, and thus
increases the destabilizing stress on sand grains
In most cases the field operator first becomes aware of sand problems during the initial t
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